This site discusses love obsession and love addiction, compulsive sexual behavior, and sexual trauma directly. If any of it lands harder than expected, the are available at any time, or it is always all right to . Every quoted reflection and every personal account on this site is fiction. Dr. Lapite-Garrett writes them from her own clinical knowledge and expertise. She uses AI as a drafting tool and approves every word. They are never a client’s words and never a client’s history, and no client information of any kind was used to make them.

Arousal Nonconcordance & Body Betrayal During Assault

Therapy for the ones whose body responded when the rest of them wanted nothing that was happening, and for the ones who have spent years certain that response is the exact detail that would stop anyone from believing them.

Yes, and the physiology behind it is well documented. A person can orgasm during an assault, produce lubrication during an assault, or have an erection during an assault, and every one of those events can occur while the assault remains exactly what it was. The legal definition of assault varies by state; the physiological mechanism described on this page does not. Two different systems in the body produce genital response and desire, and the two run largely independent of each other. A body can complete its half of that response without the person attached to it wanting a single second of what is happening, and survivors sometimes call this body betrayal, the sense that their own body carried out an assignment none of the rest of them agreed to.

This page exists because that exact silence is common enough to have its own clinical name, and because most existing material treats the version of this carried by men as a footnote to a woman's version of the same physiology, when the mechanism itself does not know or care which body it is running in.

This body response can occur during a gang rape with more than one person in the room. It can also occur during a forced or restrained assault where a hand or a weight removed any real ability to resist.

A substance can take the capacity to consent off the table before anything begins. This response can still occur anyway, and it is equally possible inside an encounter that opened with a real yes and turned into something else entirely, the territory covered on the page addressing stealthing and consent violated from inside consent already given. What follows is not another version of any of those stories. It is the mechanism itself, examined directly, on its own page, because a body's response during any one of them deserves its own full account, not a single borrowed sentence.

Dr. Lapite-Garrett works with both men and women carrying this, and the silence around it runs in different directions for each. The sections below describe women's experiences first, then men's, since what gets disbelieved, and by whom, differs in substance and not only in pronoun.

Every personal account described on this page is fiction. Dr. Lapite-Garrett writes them from her own clinical knowledge and expertise. She uses AI as a drafting tool and approves every word. The individuals, the histories, and the sequences of events here, including those written as he or she and including any pattern shown escalating over time, are not drawn from any current or former client of this practice, and no client information of any kind was used to make them. No one's trajectory appears on this page. What appears is what these psychological phenomena may look like when they occur.

Can a Body Orgasm, Lubricate, or Get an Erection During an Assault?

Why Lubrication, Erection, and Orgasm Count as Autonomic Reflexes, Not Consent

These are not ranked by severity. What they share is one fact: a body produced a physical response to stimulation while the person inside that body wanted none of what was happening to it.

Lubrication and Orgasm During an Acquaintance Assault When a Woman's Body Responds to Contact She Never Wanted

Some of the women who bring this to treatment describe something close to this: she may have known him three weeks, long enough to feel safe enough to go back to his apartment after dinner, nowhere near long enough to have agreed to anything more than the movie playing on his couch. He may have kept going after she told him twice she wasn't ready, holding her wrists against the cushion with one hand while he undressed her with the other. By the time he was finished, she may have found a bruise in the shape of his grip across both wrists, the kind that can take nine days or more to fade. Her body may also have produced enough natural lubrication that the act itself never hurt the way she'd braced for it to, and for a long time that single physical fact can do more to convince a woman she must have wanted it than anything he actually said to her afterward.

She may not have told a single person the detail about her own body's response, not a sister, not the friends who already know the rest of it. She may tell herself, on a loop some nights, that a body that responds like that must have been asking for it, using the exact word from that night she has never once managed to say out loud to anyone.

An Orgasm Under Force from Someone in Authority When a Woman's Body Completes a Response She Never Consented To

Some women describe a different version of this: a supervisor who may have been messaging her outside work for weeks could talk his way into her apartment after a work event, and once he was on top of her, holding her down at the shoulders while she told him twice to stop, her body might move through an orgasm before he was finished, one she may feel happen with total, humiliating clarity in the middle of trying to shove his weight off her chest. She may find a scrape along one hip afterward, from where the edge of her own dresser dug into her during the several minutes she spent trying and failing to get out from under him. She may not report what happened, and when HR eventually asks why she requested a transfer to a different floor, she might say only that she preferred the new hours.

The men who carry this exact physiology face an additional problem most women in this position do not: when they finally do say it out loud, the response itself is frequently treated as proof that nothing happened at all. Silence like this is rarely just about disbelief; a survivor without paid time off, a private office to recover in, or the ability to walk away from a job where the person responsible still works often finds that silence is the only option that does not cost something further.

An Erection During a Workplace Assault When a Man's Body Responds and No One Believes Him Anyway

Some of the men who carry this describe something close to this: a coworker from another department may have cornered him in a stairwell during the holiday party, said something about how he never seemed like he was having any fun, and had a hand down the front of his pants faster than he had time to process what was happening. He may have told her to stop. She may have kept going, working her hand against him without pausing, and by the time she was finished he may have had an erection he never wanted, formed under the same hand that never once let up. He may also have had a bite mark on the side of his neck deep enough that he wore a scarf to an office that had never required one, for the following two weeks. When a friend noticed the mark healing and asked what happened, he might say only that he'd tried something new with someone he was dating.

An Erection During an Assault by Someone Already Trusted When a Man's Body Responds to a Friend's Assault

Some men describe a different version: his old college roommate, visiting for the weekend, may have climbed into the guest bed instead of the couch once everyone else had gone to sleep, and kept a hand moving on him after he told his roommate twice that he wasn't interested and to stop. His body may have produced an erection before he could stop it, one he might still remember feeling with a kind of detached horror even while he kept trying to pull the roommate's hand away, and there may have been a soreness afterward that made the drive to the airport the next morning genuinely difficult to sit through. He may have driven his roommate to the airport as planned anyway, and he may not have spoken to him since, never explaining why in a way either of them has treated as more than the two of them having grown apart.

Every man in this position tends to describe a strikingly similar aftermath, and it looks nothing like what women in this position often describe. Where women survivors, however reluctantly, sometimes find their way to a support group or an online community built around this exact experience, men carrying the same physiology are far more likely to go it alone entirely. The two sentences a man has to say to explain this, my body responded, and no, I did not want it, tend to be met with a joke, a raised eyebrow, or the exact disbelief this page exists to correct. Isolation, not community, is the more common response for this population. The same coping pattern does not apply evenly across genders.

None of these four accounts describe wanting, however much the body's own machinery might suggest otherwise to someone who has never had this happen to them. What four accounts can show is the mechanism; what survivors actually say about carrying it is its own separate account.

What Do Survivors Say About Carrying This Experience?

What Does the Aftermath of Arousal Nonconcordance Actually Sound Like?

The reflections below are fiction. Dr. Lapite-Garrett writes them from her own clinical knowledge and expertise. She uses AI as a drafting tool and approves every word. They are not quotations from clients of this practice, whose privacy is protected absolutely, and no client information of any kind was used to make them. They appear here so that anyone who recognizes themselves, whoever they are, does not have to arrive at care carrying an experience they have never once seen written down.

How some may describe this experience:

"i genuinely did not know this was a thing until someone mentioned it offhand in a facebook group and i had to close my laptop and go sit on the bathroom floor for like twenty minutes. i thought i was the only person whose body had ever done that"

"the joke i've heard more times than i can count is some version of 'must be nice' and every single time i just laugh because what's the alternative, actually explaining it, and watching someone's face try to decide if they believe me"

"i keep going back and forth on which part actually happened to me. like there's the night itself and then there's this separate thing i do where i replay the fact that my body 'went along with it,' and honestly some weeks the second thing is worse than the first thing and i don't know what that says about me"

"my therapist explained the lubrication thing to me like it was just a normal fact and i just sat there like. why did nobody tell me this years ago. i built an entire personality around not being a real victim because of that one detail"

"'the body doesn't lie' is genuinely one of my least favorite sentences in the english language at this point and i can't fully explain why to people without sounding unhinged about it"

Every one of those reflections describes the same thing from a different angle: a body that ran its own program, and a mind left to explain it after the fact. What follows is the mechanism itself, plainly.

Why Does the Body Respond During an Assault When the Mind Wants None of It?

Why Is Genital Response an Autonomic Reflex Rather Than a Signal of Desire?

Two different systems in the body produce genital response and subjective desire. Research comparing genital response to felt desire has repeatedly found the two run surprisingly out of step, particularly for women, whose genital and subjective responses track each other far less closely than men's tend to. That pattern is a general research finding, not a fixed rule for any one person, but it holds in both directions: a body can respond without matching desire regardless of which sex is carrying it. During an assault, the mismatch usually grows. Genital tissue responds to friction and pressure as a function of nerve endings and blood flow, largely independent of whether the person attached to that tissue has agreed to any of it.

There is a protective logic underneath the reflex, and naming it plainly tends to land harder than reassurance alone: increased blood flow and lubrication reduce the likelihood of tissue tearing during unwanted contact, which means the body's automatic response to real danger can look, from the outside and from the inside, exactly like the body's automatic response to wanted touch. An erection works the same way, a vascular event triggered by physical stimulation that requires no permission from the person it is happening to. This is sometimes called reflexive orgasm or involuntary physiological response when the reflex runs all the way to completion, and neither term implies anything about what the person wanted.

This sits in the same family as freezing, fighting, fleeing, fawning, or fainting during an assault: an automatic, autonomic event the nervous system runs on its own timetable, not a decision made by the person it is happening to, and not evidence of anything they wanted. A body that lubricates, or that produces an erection, or that completes an orgasm during an assault, is a body that responded to physical stimulation the way bodies are built to respond to physical stimulation, in the middle of an event the rest of the person wanted no part of.

Survivors describe this specific split in almost identical language, regardless of which body it happened in: my body did something I never told it to do. Some describe it more sharply still, that it felt like their own body switched sides in the middle of the worst thing that had ever happened to them, running its own separate operation the rest of them had no say in and no way to stop.

The phrase survivors brace for, the one that keeps so many of them silent about this specific detail, usually arrives dressed as folk wisdom: the body doesn't lie. That phrase does real damage every time it goes unanswered. The body produces lubrication, an erection, or an orgasm during an assault by answering a question about physical stimulation. That question has nothing to do with desire, and treating the two as interchangeable is where this specific piece of folk wisdom does the most harm.

The body's response and the person's desire were never running the same program during that assault. One was answering a question about touch. The other was screaming no, or had already gone silent trying to survive the room. Believing the first one over the second has never once made the second one less true. — Alafiora

Naming the mechanism plainly is only the first half of the work; the harder part is what a survivor does with that knowledge after learning it, especially when years have already passed before it's learned at all.

Why Do Some Survivors Not Call It Assault Until Years Later?

What Is Retroactive Contamination, and Why Does Learning the Physiology Rewrite the Memory?

Some survivors carry this experience for years under an entirely different name. A body that lubricated, or an erection that formed, or an orgasm that arrived in the middle of an assault, becomes the single fact a survivor uses to talk themselves out of the word assault altogether, filing the whole night under something softer: a bad hookup, a mistake, a thing that got out of hand. The rest of the account, the no that was said, the hand that did not stop, the bruise that took its own time to fade, gets filed alongside it under the same softened heading, without much notice, outvoted by one physical fact that felt, at the time, like the deciding one.

What changes this, when it changes, is usually a single piece of new information arriving from somewhere else entirely: an article, a therapist's offhand mention, a friend's own disclosure, or simply a page like this one. Once a survivor learns that genital response and desire run on separate systems, that the reflex they have spent years using as evidence against themselves was never evidence of anything, the entire memory gets recolored, not merely corrected: the same facts stay exactly the same, but which one carries the most weight flips completely, and that flip is its own second event, arriving on its own schedule, often long after the original one has stopped feeling like the most urgent thing to process.

For some survivors, the recolored memory of the physical response becomes more distressing than the memory of the assault itself, a specific and disorienting reversal this practice sees often enough to name directly. It sounds, put plainly, close to this: the actual violence of that night stopped being the thing that was hardest to sit with. What replaced it was the fact that the body had, apparently, cooperated, and an entire self-concept had been built on top of a physiological fact never understood until now.

A woman carrying this describes something close to: she may have called the night a bad hookup for years, mentioning it to only two people in all that time, both times leaving out the part where she'd told him no twice before he kept pushing into her anyway, and both times attaching the same caveat, that she probably shouldn't even complain since her body had gotten into it toward the end. She may have been well into her thirties, in an unrelated conversation with her doctor about something else entirely, when the doctor mentioned, almost as an aside, that lubrication during unwanted contact is a known, involuntary physical response with nothing to do with consent. She may describe the months that followed as harder than the years of silence that came before them, even though nothing new had happened to her body in all that time. The version of that night she had built her entire adult understanding of herself around may simply have been proven false, and she may have had to rebuild both the memory and the years of self-concept stacked on top of it at the same time.

A man carrying the equivalent version of this describes something close to: he may have told himself for years that what happened with an ex-girlfriend who ignored him telling her to stop wasn't really assault, because he may have had an erection the entire time and finished before she did, two facts he treated as disqualifying ever since. A single article, shared in an unrelated context by a coworker, may have been the first place he ever saw those two facts named as a physiological reflex, not a verdict on what he'd wanted. He may describe the weeks that followed as a kind of vertigo, the actual assault itself feeling, oddly, easier to sit with once he finally had somewhere else to put the one detail that had been organizing his entire denial around it for years.

The recoloring itself doesn't stay contained to the moment it happens. It moves into the rest of a survivor's life, long after the original assault and the memory's second rewriting have both receded into the past.

How Does This Affect Sex, Self-Trust, and Disclosure Years Later?

Why Does Arousal Nonconcordance Cause Shame During Consensual Sex, Self-Trust Erosion, and Delayed Disclosure?

The reflex does not stay contained to the night it first appeared in. For many survivors, an ordinary moment years later, a partner's mouth on her, a body responding exactly the way it is supposed to during sex someone actually wants, can stop everything cold. An erection or a moment of lubrication that arrives right on schedule during wanted sex can trigger the identical shame spiral the original assault produced, since the body cannot tell a safe bedroom from an unsafe one on its own; only the mind can, and the mind is often still running the old alarm instead. Some survivors go quiet mid-encounter and ask a partner to stop the moment they notice their own body responding, with no explanation offered, because staying unaroused has become the only way they know to prove, even now, that the first time meant nothing. Some avoid oral sex specifically for years afterward, since it is the one act their body responded to during the assault, and the overlap between the two memories is more than they can sit inside. When this avoidance hardens into its own standing pattern, it stops being a passing aftereffect and becomes its own presentation, addressed in full on this practice's Sex Anxiety & Sexual Avoidance page. Treatment often has to move between the trauma history and the avoidance it produced, since neither one fully resolves while the other goes untouched.

Self-trust erodes in one specific place for this population, and it rarely involves trust in other people. It centers on trust in her own body's testimony about what it wants. A survivor who has spent years treating a reflex as a confession can find herself mid-encounter with a husband or boyfriend she trusts completely, feeling herself get aroused, and pausing to ask, silently or out loud, whether that arousal means anything at all, a question most people never have to stop and ask. Most people learn to treat their body's signals as a reasonably reliable guide to their own desire. This population has direct, painful evidence that the guide can misfire under exactly the wrong conditions, and rebuilding that trust, learning to let an erection or a moment of wetness simply mean what it's supposed to mean again, is its own distinct piece of work, separate from processing the assault itself. For some, the same vigilance follows her into the relationship itself, a scanning of a new partner's every reaction for signs the ground is about to shift again, a pattern this practice treats as its own Love-domain presentation, obsessive attachment and hypervigilance built on top of the trauma history, and one that often needs its own direct attention even after the trauma itself has been addressed.

Disclosure gets delayed by this mechanism more than almost any other. A survivor willing to describe every other detail of an assault, the room, the hands, the words, the timeline, will frequently withhold the one detail about their own body's response specifically, having already decided, privately and in advance, that this is the detail that ends belief. Some withhold it from a therapist for years into treatment before finally naming it, often prefacing it with a version of the same line: this is the detail that ends belief.

Where the person responsible was already trusted, a supervisor, a coworker, a college roommate, betrayal trauma layers onto everything else the reflex already complicated, since the harm arrived through a relationship that was supposed to carry no danger at all. This presentation often sits alongside an earlier history of developmental trauma, a childhood where a hug that lasted too long, or a comment made about her body, may have taught her early that her own body could not be trusted to send an honest signal, long before this particular assault occurred. It can also layer onto complex trauma built from more than one incident across different points in life, where the cumulative weight of more than one incident, especially when the harm was prolonged and inescapable, is often what distinguishes a CPTSD presentation from PTSD alone. For some survivors, the same confusion about the body's own signals extends into a pull toward circumstances that echo the original assault, an escalating pattern examined in its own right on this practice's Sexual Trauma Reenactment page. For some, this mechanism surfaces alongside an earlier history of incest, childhood sexual abuse, or sex trafficking, each carrying its own distinct history; treatment addresses the full history as one connected story, not separate referrals filed under separate names.

None of this needs to be resolved alone, at two in the morning, running the same physiology lecture on a loop for an audience of one, and however long it has already been carried that way, the effort counts. This particular silence was never built to be carried without another person in the room, and working through it with Dr. Esther Lapite-Garrett, the licensed psychologist who founded Alafiora, means not having to carry it alone anymore. The clinical work she offers treats the body's response as a fact to work with directly, from the first conversation. It is never a detail a survivor has to earn permission to mention.

What Does Therapy at Alafiora Address for This Experience?

What Does Treatment Look Like for Survivors Carrying Arousal Nonconcordance or an Involuntary Physiological Response?

Dr. Lapite-Garrett addresses the body's ongoing response first, before anything else on the intake agenda: the shame that surfaces during consensual sex once arousal itself starts to feel dangerous, and the habit some survivors develop of monitoring their own body mid-sex, the way someone might watch a smoke detector, waiting to see whether it responds and bracing for what that will mean if it does.

She treats naming the physical response itself as its own necessary piece of work, not a detail to be managed around. When a survivor arrives carrying a private trial over whether an orgasm, an erection, or lubrication disqualifies the experience from counting as assault, she answers that question directly, without gatekeeping and without asking the survivor to prove the rest of the account first.

She treats shame as a primary focus rather than a side effect. This includes the shame of a body that responded when the mind did not want it to, the shame of having stayed silent about that specific detail for years, the shame of the retroactive recoloring itself once the physiology finally makes sense, and the shame of needing help at all after deciding, alone, that this one detail disqualified the rest of the account.

She addresses the relational aftermath as its own domain: what this specific mechanism did to a survivor's ability to trust their own body's signals, and what it did to their willingness to be fully aroused with a safe partner without the old alarm sounding.

A consultation is a brief conversation, by video or phone call as preferred, to ask whatever is needed to feel confident this is the right fit, and to hear directly from Dr. Lapite-Garrett how she works, with nothing decided in advance. A first session is where care itself actually begins: Dr. Lapite-Garrett gathers history, at whatever pace makes sense, and a treatment plan starts to take shape from there. Full session formats and current rates are detailed on the practice's fee page, so cost is never a surprise walked into blind.

Being a solo practice does not mean working in isolation: Dr. Lapite-Garrett participates in regular peer consultation groups and ongoing clinical training, and she maintains her own personal therapy so that her own life experience never bleeds into the room, keeping the work permanently and entirely about the client. None of it is scripted. No survivor who walks through this door is treated as a category, or assumed to already know what their own body's response meant before saying so directly.

Decisions about reporting and disclosure, including whether or when to tell a spouse about this specific detail, stay entirely with the survivor, and Alafiora supports whatever she decides with full clinical respect and no pressure toward any outcome. Some of that first conversation is answered here directly.

Common Questions About Arousal Nonconcordance and Involuntary Physiological Response During Assault

Can someone orgasm during an assault and still have it be assault?

Yes, without exception, and this may be the single most important sentence on this page. An orgasm during an assault is a reflex produced by physical stimulation, not a signal of desire, consent, or enjoyment. It changes nothing about what happened, regardless of gender.

Why does the body sometimes respond during an assault the person wanted no part of?

Genital tissue answers a question about physical stimulation, not a question about desire, and an assault is still full of physical stimulation regardless of consent. This feels counterintuitive from the inside: the reflex arrives from a different system than the one producing fear, refusal, or the desperate wish for it to stop, and none of those systems consult each other before acting.

Does lubrication during an assault mean consent was given, or that it didn't hurt as much as it should have?

Not remotely, and this misconception causes real damage. Lubrication is the body's automatic protective response to friction, increasing blood flow and moisture specifically to reduce tissue damage during penetration, wanted or not. A body that lubricates during an assault is a body protecting itself from injury, not a body agreeing to what is happening to it.

Can a man get an erection during an assault, and does that mean he wanted it?

No, and men carrying this specific version of the question face a documented, additional layer of disbelief most women in this position do not. An erection is a vascular reflex triggered by physical stimulation, the male physiological equivalent of lubrication, and it requires no willingness, attraction, or desire from the man it is happening to. A man's body producing an erection during an assault says nothing about what he wanted, no matter how many people around him treat it as the deciding fact.

Why does the memory of a bodily response sometimes feel worse than the memory of the assault itself?

Often, and this specific reversal is common enough that this practice has a name for it internally: retroactive contamination. Learning, sometimes years later, that the physical response was a reflex rather than a confession can force an entire memory to reorganize itself around new information, and that reorganizing is its own disorienting event, separate from and sometimes harder than the original one.

Is it true that "the body doesn't lie"?

Not in the way that phrase gets used against survivors. Genital tissue is answering friction and pressure with blood flow, the same way it would respond to contact from anyone, wanted or not. It is not casting a vote on what the person attached to that tissue actually wants, and treating the two as the same thing is where this specific piece of folk wisdom does the most harm.

Why do some survivors wait years to call what happened to them assault, if their body responded that way?

This is one of the most common patterns this practice sees in exactly this population. A physical response that felt, at the time, like the deciding vote against calling something assault often keeps a survivor filing an experience under a softer name for years, until new information about the physiology finally makes room for a more accurate account. A delayed recognition is not a less real one; it usually means the correct information simply took longer to arrive.

Can this happen during any kind of sexual assault, or only certain ones?

Any kind, and the mechanism does not change based on how the assault began or who caused it. Arousal nonconcordance and involuntary physical response can occur during a stranger assault, an assault by someone known and trusted, an incapacitated assault, a forced or restrained assault, or a violation that happens from inside an encounter that began with real consent. The mechanism is the same regardless of who caused the assault or how it began.

What kind of therapy does Alafiora provide for survivors carrying arousal nonconcordance or an involuntary physiological response?

Depth-oriented, emotion-focused psychological care grounded in trauma physiology and the specific mechanics of genital response, dissociation, and delayed disclosure, provided by a licensed psychologist whose entire practice is built around sexual trauma, love obsession, and compulsive sexual behavior, for women and men alike.

Reading a page like this one, and finally seeing a name attached to something carried alone for years, is not the same as being ready to say any of it out loud. It does not need to be. Many of the people who eventually reach out to this practice read a page like this one more than once first, often lingering longest on the exact FAQ answer that finally uses the word they had been avoiding. What most want, once they finally say it, is to stop hating their own body for something it did on its own, and to trust its signals again without a second question running underneath every one of them. Nothing about arriving here today commits anyone to a next step beyond whichever one they eventually choose.

Begin a Confidential Conversation

The first conversation is brief, held in confidence within the legal and professional limits of confidentiality any licensed psychologist explains before clinical work begins, and the specific detail of how a body responded during an assault is never treated as evidence against the person it happened to. Its only subject is whatever the survivor actually wants help with. Those already certain they are ready are equally welcome to begin directly with a first session instead.

For a fuller picture of how survival responses and the aftermath of sexual assault work more broadly, the page on Sexual Assault & Rape covers ground that applies here as well, and this page can always be bookmarked, or the QR code in the footer scanned, to keep this practice's information close until the timing feels right.

Dr. Esther Lapite-Garrett, licensed psychologist and founder of Alafiora.
Dr. Esther Lapite-Garrett
The Psychologist a Client Actually Sees

Every session at Alafiora is held by one licensed psychologist

Dr. Esther Lapite-Garrett is the founder and sole practitioner of Alafiora. There are no associates, no rotating providers, and no case handoffs: the person who reads a client's history in the first session is the same person still holding it two years later. She is licensed in New Mexico and Indiana, with additional state licensure underway.

Her training is doctoral-level, which typically extends several years beyond a master's-level license in assessment, diagnosis, and the treatment of complex, overlapping presentations. She keeps a deliberately small caseload so that depth is possible, participates in ongoing peer consultation and clinical training, and maintains her own personal therapy.

Begin a Confidential Conversation

Whatever brought someone to this page today is never put on trial here

A consultation is a brief conversation with no obligation attached. Those already certain they are ready are equally welcome to begin directly with a first session.